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Preparing Boot Media

The Fedora docs team Version unknown Last review: currently slightly out of date

Fedora images are Hybrid ISOs and can be used to create installation media with both optical and USB disks, for booting on both BIOS and UEFI systems.

Fedora Media Writer

Fedora Media Writer has been significantly improved and is now the official, tested and supported way to make bootable media. Fedora Media Writer supports Linux, macOS, and Windows. It is an easy way to make bootable USB media to install Fedora (or other operating systems). Using Fedora Media Writer is strongly encouraged, although other USB media creation software can work as well.

Some of the new additions to Fedora Media Writer are that Fedora Workstation and Server are easily and quickly accessible from the selection on the main screen. Further choices are available if you select the button below Custom image. This offers a selection of various Fedora Spins, such as Xfce or Mate.

Historically, universal USB creation tools, such as Unetbootin, are a popular way to create USB installers from ISOs intended for optical media. They typically create a filesystem on the USB drive by extracting files from the image, and writing syslinux bootloader to the device.

These methods circumvent the boot-loader configuration built into Fedora images, which are pre-partitioned and designed to boot on UEFI systems with SecureBoot enabled as well as BIOS systems, and thus they do not produce consistent results with Fedora images, especially on UEFI systems.

The best results are produced by utilities that use a direct write method and do not modify the Fedora image.

Always think twice before writing an image to the device. The media creation methods described in this article are destructive. All data on the USB stick are deleted during the process, so make sure you have a back up of the data on the USB stick. Double check that you have selected correct device to write the image to!

Installing and running Fedora Media Writer

On Fedora

On Fedora 25 or later, Fedora Media Writer is available in the default repository. You can use dnf to install the package.

To install the Fedora Media Writer using:
```
$ sudo dnf install mediawriter
```
Run the Fedora Media Writer:
```
$ mediawriter
```
or in Gnome 3 select Activities and then click on Fedora Media Writer.

On other Linux distributions

The best way to install Fedora Media Writer on various Linux distributions is to use the pre-built Flatpak package. The package can be obtained from the official Flatpak repository Flathub.org.

To setup Flatpak on your Linux system, follow the guidelines on the Flatpak documentation page.
Run the application:
```
$ sudo mediawriter
```

On Windows

Download the latest Windows Installer file from fedoraproject.org.
Run the installation by double clicking the installer, and then continue through the set-up wizard. The Wizard lets you customize the software’s installation if you choose to.
Run the application by clicking on a launcher.

In Windows 8 and 10, the Fedora Media Writer launcher will be placed in the All apps menu under F. In Windows 10, you can just type Fedora Media Writer in the search box on the task bar.

On macOS

Download the latest Macintosh Disk Image (the package will have a .dmg extension) from fedoraproject.org.
Open the .dmg file, and press and hold the kbd:[Ctrl] key while clicking on the Fedora Media Writer application.
Press “Open” in the pop-up menu.
Click the “Open” button in the confirmation dialog, if it appears.

Writing the ISO image to the USB Media.

Plug in a USB drive on which you want to create the bootable media.
Select image source (download automatically) and the Fedora Edition you wish to make a bootable USB drive for.

Figure 1. Choose your Edition of Fedora

The main selection lets you choose one of the default Fedora editions, Fedora Workstation or Server. Fedora Media Writer displays more details about the edition before you can proceed with downloading the image and the USB creation. Select “Next” to proceed.
To write the image onto the media, click the Download and Write button.

Figure 2. Fedora Media Writer Distro Information

Fedora Media Writer will automatically download the ISO for you. If you have downloaded the ISO before and placed it in the Downloads directory, it will be immediately available to use.

Figure 3. Fedora Media Writer Automatic Download

Figure 4. Fedora Media Writer Write to USB Device

Other methods to create a live USB

Using the Fedora Media Writer is highly recommended for everybody, because it offers a reliable way to create a live USB stick for Fedora installation.

However, some experienced users may prefer to go through the creation process manually. If you decide to do so, you have to download the installation images and use an application to write them onto the USB stick.

If you have downloaded and verified the installation images manually, you still can write them onto the USB stick using Fedora Media Writer.

Downloading Boot and Installation Images

The Fedora Project offers different Editions tailored for some specific use cases. Choose the Fedora Edition best for you. You can also build your own by customizing Fedora after it’s installed or by using a kickstart file as described in Creating a Kickstart File.

Kickstart installation requires the netinstall media type, or a direct installation booting method such as PXE; kickstarts are not supported with live images.

Read more about Fedora Workstation, Fedora Cloud, Fedora Server and the available media types in Downloading Fedora.

You can also choose a Fedora Spin featuring favorite alternative desktops or tools for specialized tasks at https://spins.fedoraproject.org.

Verifying the Downloaded Image

Because transmission errors or other problems may corrupt the Fedora image you have downloaded, it is important to verify the file’s integrity. After the images are created, an operation is performed on the file that produces a value called a checksum using a complex mathematical algorithm. The operation is sufficiently complex that any change to the original file will produce a different checksum.

By calculating the image’s checksum on your own computer and comparing it to the original checksum, you can verify the image has not been tampered with or corrupted. The original checksum values are provided at https://fedoraproject.org/security/, and are gpg signed to demonstrate their integrity.

Verifying checksums on Windows systems

Download the Fedora image of your choice from https://fedoraproject.org/ and the corresponding checksum file (use the Verify button next to the download icon).
Open a powershell session.

Change to the directory containing the downloaded files.

> cd $HOME\Downloads\
> ls

Directory: C:\Users\Pete\Downloads

Mode                LastWriteTime         Length  Name
----                -------------         ------  ----
-a---        11/25/2014  12:39 PM            272  Fedora-Server-21-x86_64-CHECKSUM
-a---        11/25/2014  12:39 PM     2047868928  Fedora-Server-DVD-x86_64-21.iso

Load the resources required to calculate the checksum.

> $image = "Fedora-Server-DVD-x86_64-21.iso"
> $checksum_file = "Fedora-Server-21-x86_64-CHECKSUM"
> $sha256 = New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Cryptography.sha256CryptoServiceProvider
> $expected_checksum = ((Get-Content $checksum_file | Select-String -Pattern $image) -split " ")[0].ToLower()

Calculate the downloaded image’s checksum. This will take a while!

> $download_checksum = [System.BitConverter]::ToString($sha256.ComputeHash([System.IO.File]::ReadAllBytes("$PWD\$image"))).ToLower() -replace '-', ''

Compare the calculated checksum to the expected checksum.

> echo "Download Checksum: $download_checksum"
> echo "Expected Checksum: $expected_checksum"
> if ( $download_checksum -eq "$expected_checksum" ) {
echo "Checksum test passed!"
} else {
echo "Checksum test failed."
}

Verifying checksums on Linux and macOS systems

Download the Fedora image of your choice from https://fedoraproject.org/ and the corresponding checksum file (use the Verify button next to the download icon).
Open a terminal window, and navigate to the directory with the downloaded files.
```
$ cd ~/Downloads
```

Use the appropriate utility to verify the image checksum.

For Linux:
```
$ sha256sum -c *CHECKSUM
```

For macOS:

$ grep '^SHA256' *-CHECKSUM | awk -F '[()=]' '{ print $4 "  " $2 }' | shasum -a 256 -c

Writing the images to USB media

Creating USB media with GNOME Disks

On a system with GNOME, or with the gnome-disk-utility package installed, open Disks using the system menu.
Click your USB device in the left column.
Click the menu icon in the upper right corner of the window, and choose the Restore Disk Image option.
Navigate to your image file and click Start Restoring. After a few minutes, it will report the process is complete and your installation media will be ready to use.

Creating USB Media on the Linux command line

Open a terminal window and insert the usb drive.

Find the device node assigned to the drive. In the example below, the drive is given sdd.

$ dmesg|tail
[288954.686557] usb 2-1.8: New USB device strings: Mfr=0, Product=1, SerialNumber=2
[288954.686559] usb 2-1.8: Product: USB Storage
[288954.686562] usb 2-1.8: SerialNumber: 000000009225
[288954.712590] usb-storage 2-1.8:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected
[288954.712687] scsi host6: usb-storage 2-1.8:1.0
[288954.712809] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
[288954.716682] usbcore: registered new interface driver uas
[288955.717140] scsi 6:0:0:0: Direct-Access     Generic  STORAGE DEVICE   9228 PQ: 0 ANSI: 0
[288955.717745] sd 6:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg4 type 0
[288961.876382] sd 6:0:0:0: sdd Attached SCSI removable disk

Use the dd utility to write the image.
```
# dd if=/path/to/Fedora-Live-Security-x86_64-21.iso of=/dev/sdd
```
Pay extreme attention to the source (if=) and target (of=) device. The dd command destroys all data on the target device. If you made a mistake, you could lose important data.

Creating a Boot CD or DVD

In addition to creating a bootable USB flash drive, you can also use the provided ISO images to create bootable optical media (a CD or DVD). This approach may be necessary when installing Fedora on an older system which cannot boot from USB.

The exact steps you need to take to burn a bootable CD or DVD from an ISO image will vary depending on what disc burning software you use. This procedure only offers a general overview.

Insert a blank CD or DVD into your system’s CD or DVD burner.
Open your system’s burning software - for example, Brasero on Fedora systems with GNOME desktop environment, or Nero on Windows systems. In the software’s main menu, find an option which lets you burn an ISO image to a disc. For example, in Brasero, this option is Burn image in the main menu on the left side of the window.
When prompted, select the ISO image of Fedora to be burned, and the CD or DVD burner with a blank disc inside (if you have more than one drive).
Confirm your selection, and wait for the disc to be burned.

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