OCaml Packaging Guidelines

This document seeks to document the conventions and customs surrounding the proper packaging of OCaml modules in Fedora. It does not intend to cover all situations, but to codify those practices which have served the Fedora OCaml community well.

Naming

The base OCaml compiler is called ocaml.

OCaml modules, libraries and syntax extensions should be named ocaml-foo. Examples include: ocaml-extlib, ocaml-ssl.

This naming does not apply to applications written in OCaml, which can be given their normal name. Examples include: coccinelle, frama-c, virt-top.

Rationale: this is how they are named in other distros (Debian, PLD) and this is consistent with Perl / PHP / Python naming.

Packaging libraries

Main package

In order to allow OCaml scripts and the toplevel to use a library, the main package should contain only files matching:

  • *.cma (contains the bytecode)

  • *.cmi (contains the compiled signature)

  • *.so (if present, contains OCaml <→ C stubs)

  • META (the findlib description)

  • *.so.owner (if present, used by findlib)

  • a license file (if present) marked %license

  • .cmo files are not normally included. There is one exception where *.cmo files may be included: if the .cmo file is needed to link, then it must be included to allow the library to be linked properly.

If the package contains *.so files, then they should not have rpaths, as per Fedora packaging guidelines.

The packager should check the META file [1]. If there is no META file, then the packager should create one, include it in the package, and pass it to the upstream maintainer.

Rationale: OCaml does not support dynamic linking of binaries, and even if it did with the current module hash system for expressing strict typing requirements almost any conceivable change to a library would require the binary to be recompiled. OCaml scripts are the closest we come to dynamic linking, in as much as they do not usually depend on a specific version of a library (albeit this only works because the scripts are recompiled each time they run).

-devel subpackage

The -devel subpackage of a library should contain all other files required to allow development with the library. Normally these would be:

  • *.a (contains the compiled machine code)

  • *.cmxa (describes the compiled machine code)

  • *.cmx (if present, allows cross-module optimizations)

  • *.mli (contains the signature of the library)

  • .o files are not normally included. There is one exception — if the file is needed to link (like std_exit.cmx and std_exit.o in OCaml itself), then it should be included.

  • .ml files are not normally included. The exception is if the file describes a module signature and there is no corresponding .mli file, then the .ml file should be included. (Note that Debian is more permissive and they often distribute *.ml files, allowing the programmer to peek at the implementation of a module).

Documentation, examples and other articles which are useful to the developer may be included in the -devel sub-package. The license file (which is in the main package) does not need to be included again in the -devel subpackage.

If the -devel subpackage would only contain documentation files, then the packager may at their discretion place the documentation files in the main package and not have a -devel subpackage at all.

The -devel subpackage should require the exact name-version-release of the main package (as per Fedora policy). It should also require any C libraries required for development, and sometimes this means an explicit Requires is needed. For example, ocaml-pcre-devel needs an explicit Requires: pcre-devel to make it usable for development.

Rationale for inclusion of all .cmx files: these files are needed even for modules included in .cmxa libraries in order to enable cross-module optimizations (inlining, constant propagation and direct function calls). The .o files are not needed. [From a private email from Alain Frisch]

-doc subpackage

If the documentation files are very large they may be placed in a separate -doc subpackage, as per normal Fedora guidelines.

-data subpackage

If the package contains excessively large data files, they may be placed in a separate -data subpackage, as per normal Fedora guidelines.

Requires and Provides

For each module that library A uses from another library B, library A must have a Requires of the form: ocaml(Modulename) = MD5hash

Similarly for each module that library A may provide to other libraries, library A must have a Provides of the same form.

A library must depend on the precise version of the OCaml compiler, for example: ocaml(runtime) = 3.10.0

The correct Requires and Provides should be generated automatically.

Rationale: OCaml does not offer binary compatibility between releases of the compiler (even between bugfixes). Furthermore the module system uses a hash over the interface and some internals of a module which basically means a library or program must be linked against the identical modules it was compiled with. The Requires and Provides lines express the module name and hash so that RPM enforces the same requirements as the OCaml linker itself. Please see the further reading at the end of this page for more details.

Packaging binaries

The rules for packaging OCaml binaries are not significantly different from packaging ordinary programs (see Packaging Guidelines).

However if the OCaml package also contains a library, then you should follow the rules above for packaging libraries as well.

Stripping binaries

Binaries should be stripped, as per ordinary Fedora packaging guidelines.

There is one exception where a binary should not be stripped. If the package was compiled with ocamlc -custom then the package contains bytecode which strip will remove, thus rendering the binary inoperable. It is easy to test for this: if after stripping, any attempt to run the binary results in the message No bytecode file specified then the binary is compiled like this and should not be stripped.

Rationale: https://bugs.debian.org/256900

Providing best possible binaries

The packager should attempt to ship native code compiled binaries in preference to bytecode compiled binaries, where this is possible.

Bytecode-only architectures

The OCaml native code compiler (ocamlopt) contains code generators for popular architectures, but not for every architecture that Fedora might support. On such architectures, the spec file should still build bytecode libraries and binaries.

To test for presence of the native compiler, use the %{ocaml_native_compiler} macro. Define conditional sections in %build, %install and %files if necessary. For example:

%build
make byte
%ifarch %{ocaml_native_compiler}
make opt
%endif

To test that your spec file will work on such an architecture, temporarily remove or rename /usr/bin/ocamlopt and /usr/bin/ocamlopt.opt while building.

Rationale: Debian packaging policy section 2.3 does the same thing.

Unnecessary files

The following files should not normally be distributed:

  • *.cmo object files. Exception: see above.

  • .o for corresponding .cmx. Exception: see above.

  • *.ml sources. Exception: see above.

Security issues in OCaml libraries

If a security issue arises in an OCaml library, then all libraries and binaries which depend on it must be recompiled.

OCaml scripts do not need to be changed (unless resolving the security issue requires changing the public interface to the library and the script is broken by the change). This is because OCaml scripts are recompiled each time they run.

RPM Macros

The following macros are available to use in spec files:

  • %{ocaml_native_compiler}: the architectures for which native compilation is available

  • %{ocaml_natdynlink}: the architectures for which native dynamic linking is available

  • %{ocamldir}: top-level installation directory for OCaml packages, currently equivalent to %{_libdir}/ocaml

  • %{ocaml_files}: generate a list of installed files, in files named .ofiles (for the main package) and .ofiles-devel (for the devel subpackage), unless -s or -n is given. This macro requires that python3 be available in the buildroot. Flags:

    • -n: there is no devel subpackage. All files are listed in .ofiles.

    • -s: separate installation; each subdirectory of %{ocamldir} is a separate RPM package. For each subdirectory, .ofiles-<subdir> and .ofiles-<subdir>-devel is generated (unless -n is also given).

Examples

This section contains example spec files illustrating how to build OCaml library and binary packages with various build tools.

Dune

Dune is a popular build tool for OCaml packages. RPM macros are available to make building with dune simple.

  • %dune_build: Invoke dune to build all installable artifacts in release mode. Flags:

    • -j <number>: number of jobs that can be run in parallel. This is automatically set to %{?_smp_mflags}, so is typically used only to eliminate parallelism with -j 1.

    • -p <modules>: tell dune to build the comma-separated list of modules only, rather than every installable artifact.

    • --: separate flags for this macro from flags to pass to dune

  • %dune_install: Invoke dune to install all installable artifacts. Flags:

    • -n: there is no devel subpackage. All files are associated with the main package.

    • -s: separate installation; each subdirectory of %{ocamldir} is a separate RPM package. Otherwise, all files are associated with a single main package.

    • --: separate flags for this macro from flags to pass to dune

  • %dune_check: Invoke dune to run tests for all installable artifacts. Flags:

    • -j <number>: number of jobs that can be run in parallel. This is automatically set to %{?_smp_mflags}, so is typically used only to eliminate parallelism with -j 1.

    • -p <modules>: tell dune to build the comma-separated list of modules only, rather than every installable artifact.

    • --: separate flags for this macro from flags to pass to dune

  • %odoc_package: Declare a subpackage that olds odoc-generated documentation. Flags:

    • -L <license_filename>: give the name of a file to include in the subpackage as a license file.

The following is an example specfile for an imaginary OCaml library called foolib that is built with dune.

ocaml-dune-example.spec
%ifnarch %{ocaml_native_compiler}
%global debug_package %{nil}
%endif

Name:           ocaml-foolib
Version:        1.2.3
Release:        %autorelease
Summary:        OCaml library for fooing bars

License:        LGPL-2.1-or-later
URL:            https://www.example.com/foolib
Source:         https://www.example.com/foolib-%{version}.tar.gz

BuildRequires:  ocaml
BuildRequires:  ocaml-dune

%description
OCaml library for fooing bars.  This library can also foo bazes.


%package        devel
Summary:        Development files for %{name}
Requires:       %{name}%{?_isa} = %{version}-%{release}


%description    devel
The %{name}-devel package contains libraries and signature files for
developing applications that use %{name}.


%prep
%autosetup -n foolib-%{version}


%build
# Build all installable targets
%dune_build
# Build a specific set of targets
%dune_build -p bazzer,boffer
# Build non-default targets
%dune_build @install @doc


%install
# Install all installable targets
%dune_install
# Install a specific set of targets
%dune_install bazzer boffer


%check
# Check all installable targets
%dune_check
# Check a specific set of targets
%dune_check -p bazzer,boffer


%files -f .ofiles
%doc README
%license LICENSE


%files devel -f .ofiles-devel


%changelog
%autochangelog

Topkg

topkg, the "transitory OCaml software packager", generates scripts that are executed to perform various package and build tasks.

The following is an example specfile for an imaginary OCaml library called foolib that is built with topkg.

ocaml-topkg-example.spec
%ifnarch %{ocaml_native_compiler}
%global debug_package %{nil}
%endif

Name:           ocaml-foolib
Version:        1.2.3
Release:        %autorelease
Summary:        OCaml library for fooing bars

License:        LGPL-2.1-or-later
URL:            https://www.example.com/foolib
Source:         https://www.example.com/foolib-%{version}.tar.gz

BuildRequires:  ocaml
BuildRequires:  ocaml-findlib
BuildRequires:  ocaml-topkg-devel
BuildRequires:  python3

%description
OCaml library for fooing bars.  This library can also foo bazes.


%package        devel
Summary:        Development files for %{name}
Requires:       %{name}%{?_isa} = %{version}-%{release}


%description    devel
The %{name}-devel package contains libraries and signature files for
developing applications that use %{name}.


%prep
%autosetup -n foolib-%{version}

# Enable debuginfo if upstream does not
echo true: debug >> _tags


%build
ocaml pkg/pkg.ml build --tests true


%install
mkdir -p %{buildroot}%{ocamldir}/foolib
cp -p _build/{opam,pkg/META} %{buildroot}%{ocamldir}/foolib
%ifarch %{ocaml_native_compiler}
cp -a _build/src/*.{a,cma,cmi,cmt,cmti,cmx,cmxa,cmxs,mli} \
  %{buildroot}%{ocamldir}/foolib
%else
cp -a _build/src/*.{cma,cmi,cmt,cmti,mli} %{buildroot}%{ocamldir}/foolib
%endif

# This macro requires python3 in the buildroot
%ocaml_files


%check
ocaml pkg/pkg.ml test


%files -f .ofiles
%doc README
%license LICENSE


%files devel -f .ofiles-devel
%ifarch %{ocaml_native_compiler}


%changelog
%autochangelog

Other build tools

The following is an example specfile for an imaginary OCaml library called foolib.

ocaml-example.spec
%ifnarch %{ocaml_native_compiler}
%global debug_package %{nil}
%endif

Name:           ocaml-foolib
Version:        1.2.3
Release:        %autorelease
Summary:        OCaml library for fooing bars

License:        LGPL-2.1-or-later
URL:            https://www.example.com/foolib
Source:         https://www.example.com/foolib-%{version}.tar.gz

BuildRequires:  ocaml
BuildRequires:  ocaml-findlib

%description
OCaml library for fooing bars.  This library can also foo bazes.


%package        devel
Summary:        Development files for %{name}
Requires:       %{name}%{?_isa} = %{version}-%{release}


%description    devel
The %{name}-devel package contains libraries and signature files for
developing applications that use %{name}.


%prep
%autosetup -n foolib-%{version}


%build
# You may need a ./configure step here.
make byte
%ifarch %{ocaml_native_compiler}
make opt
%endif


%install
# These rules work if the library uses 'ocamlfind install' to install itself.
export OCAMLFIND_DESTDIR=%{buildroot}%{ocamldir}
mkdir -p $OCAMLFIND_DESTDIR/stublibs
%make_install


%files
%doc README
%license LICENSE
%{ocamldir}/foolib
%ifarch %{ocaml_native_compiler}
%exclude %{ocamldir}/foolib/*.a
%exclude %{ocamldir}/foolib/*.cmxa
%exclude %{ocamldir}/foolib/*.cmx
%endif
%exclude %{ocamldir}/foolib/*.mli
%{ocamldir}/stublibs/*.so
%{ocamldir}/stublibs/*.so.owner


%files devel
%ifarch %{ocaml_native_compiler}
%{ocamldir}/foolib/*.a
%{ocamldir}/foolib/*.cmxa
%{ocamldir}/foolib/*.cmx
%endif
%{ocamldir}/foolib/*.mli


%changelog
%autochangelog

Further reading

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